As a subdominant chord in cadences, in the second inversion as a contrapuntal neighbor chord, and as a good pivot chord for modulations (this will be expanded upon later). It is essentially used exactly in the same ways as a normal IV chord. For example: in the key of D major, this chord would be G minor. The iv chord is a minor triad over scale degree 4, changing the normatively major IV degree into its minor counterpart. It can also be used as a subdominant chord leading to degree V. Its main usage is as a replacement chord for the major mode native vi chord, especially on deceptive cadences. For example: in the key of C major, this chord would be A flat major. The bVI chord is a major triad on the b6 scale degree. When combining this scale degrees with some of the native chords of the major scale we get the resulting chords of bVI, iiº, iv and vii✧. These borrowed chords are essentially those which contain the scale degrees that are different between two parallel major and minor keys, namely, the b3, b6, and b7 degrees. The process of mode mixture involves borrowing of chords from the parallel minor key in the major mode.
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